Abstract Central Brazil hosts Paleo-Mesoproterozoic A-type granitic suites related to the Goiás Tin Province (GTP) that contain Sn (±W, Nb-Ta, REE) mineralization associated with greisen, veins, and small pegmatite bodies. The Pedra Branca granite massif (1.77–1.74 Ga) is the main representative of GTP, marked by important cassiterite (±wolframite) contents. The cassiterite contains SnO2= 96–100 wt. %, with the sum FeOtotal, TiO2, WO3, Ta2O5, Nb2O5, In2O3, and UO2 content below 4 wt.%, while wolframite contains WO3= 71.5–74.5 wt.%, FeOtotal= 14.3–17.4 wt.% and MnO = 6.3–9.9 wt.%, as well as Sn, Ca, Ti, Ta, Nb, Pb, In, and U as trace elements. The δ18O data on the quartz-cassiterite pair (quartz = 9.4–10.4‰, cassiterite = 2.6–2.9 ‰) from greisen reveal a magmatic-hydrothermal signature with calculated crystallization temperatures between 410 and 485°C. However, during the Neoproterozoic Brasiliano/Pan-African Orogeny (800–500 Ma), all lithologies and ore sites were subjected to flattening, fragmentation, and mylonitic deformation. Fluid inclusion data revealed the presence of low-salinity aqueous solutions with homogenization temperatures between 215 and 100°C related to Neoproterozoic deformation. Finally, during the Phanerozoic, prolonged erosive produced Sn (±W)-rich alluvium around the Pedra Branca granitic massif.

Abstract Beryl is usually found in granite-pegmatite systems. The addition of chromophore elements (V, Cr, Mn, Fe) into the crystalline structure favors color changes in beryl and thus generates some of the world’s expensive gems such as emerald, morganite, heliodor and aquamarine. The Massangana polyphasic batholith is a well-known cassiterite, wolframite and gems deposit in the Rondônia state. These metals and blue-gems (topaz and aquamarine) are located in feldspar-rich pegmatite granite bodies. The aquamarine crystals show color ranging from light- to medium-blue and display concentric growth zones. Electron-probe microanalyses revealed that the Fe is the main chromophore element, occupying the octahedral Al-site, while Na had an important role in the charge balance, inserted in the channel sites together with H2O. The irregular supply of Fe and Na during the nucleation and growth of aquamarine was the main cause for the color change. A fluid inclusion study indicated that the aquamarine growth under an aqueous fluid system (H2O-NaCl), with low salinity, low density and total homogenization temperature between 243º-315º C, is compatible with final temperatures in the pegmatite pocket zone.

Abstract The Fazenda Bonfim emerald deposit lies within the Seridó Belt. It is a classic example of deposit formed through metasomatic interactions between Be-rich granite intrusions and Cr(± V)-rich mafic-ultramafic rocks. The setting of the emerald mineralization was built under strong strike-slip dynamics, which produced serpentinization and talcification of mafic-ultramafic host-rocks, and was followed by syn-kinematic emplacement of Be-rich albite granite, favoring hydrothermal/metasomatic processes. The structural control and lithological-contrast were fundamental to the fluid flow and the best ore-shoot geometry, developed in the S-foliation intra-plane at the contact zone (phlogopite hornfels) between mafic-ultramafic rocks and the albite granite. Subsequently, an albitization process, linked to the final-stage of magmatic crystallization, led to an overall mineralogical and chemical change of the albite granite. 207U-235Pb data revealed inheritance ages from Archean to Neoproterozoic and a crystallization age of 561 ± 4 Ma for albite granite. However, 40Ar/39Ar data revealed plateau age of 553 ± 4 Ma for phlogopite hornfels, interpreted as the closure time for the metasomatic event responsible for the nucleation and growth of emerald crystals. The short interval of time between U-Pb and Ar-Ar data indicates an intense, but not protracted, metasomatic history, probably due to low volume of intrusive magma.

ABSTRACT: The Fazenda Bonfim emerald deposit, State of Rio Grande do Norte, is within the regional geological domain known as Seridó Mobile Belt, Borborema Tectonic Province. It was formed from metasomatic fluids interaction at along lithological contacts between Be-rich albite-granite intrusions and Cr (±V)-rich mafic-ultramafic host-rocks, enclosed in the lens-shaped “hornfels” phlogopite schist. Emerald crystals display relatively high contents of Mg and Na, as well as trace amounts of Ca, K, Cs, Li, P, Sc, Ti, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, Ga and Rb. Cr is the main chromophore element, followed by Fe and some V. Display also concentric growth zones and randomly-oriented mineral micro-inclusions, indicative for static growth. This zoning is linked to cationic substitution of alkalis accompanied by Cr loss, which favors irregular coloration of crystals. Metasomatic fluids contemporaneous with emerald growth are aqueous (H 2 O+NaCl), with low to moderate salinity and low density, although trace amounts of CO 2 ± CH 4 were also observed. These fluids showed a field-trapped between 375-430ºC and 200-600 bars, based on combination of fluid inclusions isochores. In addition, oxygen isotope data (δ 18 O = 6.9-7.4‰) suggest an igneous-metasomatic source for fluids and emerald components.

RESUMO: O depósito de W-Sn Igarapé Manteiga é formado por um stock granítico intrusivo no embasamento Paleoproterozóico. A mineralização está encapsulada em uma carapaça hidrotermal alumino-silicosa formada por greisen, veios-vênulas e brecha, desenvolvidos na zona apical do stock granítico. Os minerais de minério (wolframita ± cassiterita) e minerais sulfetados, bem como siderita, monazita, xenotima, hematita e outros, ocorrem disseminados ou em aglomerados maciços associados com quartzo, topázio, zinnwaldita e fluorita. A wolframita não está zonada, é relativamente rica em Fe, pobre em Nb e Ta, enquanto a cassiterita exibe zonas de crescimento com cores de amarelo claro a laranja escuro, sendo rica em Ta, pobre em Ti, W, Mn e U. Dados de isótopos de oxigênio e enxofre (δ 18 O e δ 34 S) do minério e alguns sulfetos indicam uma fonte magmática, com temperatura de fechamento de 230 ° a 480 ° C. A fase hidrotermal foi cíclica e prolongadamente ativa, promovendo greisenização e hidrofraturamento. A diminuição da temperatura e a alteração na composição dos fluidos (de oxidado para reduzido), controlou a precipitação da associação mineral hidrotermal. Análises 40 Ar- 39 Ar revelaram uma idade platô de 988 Ma, interpretada como fechamento do processo hidrotermal responsável pela mineralização, o qual está vinculado à evolução magmática final da Suíte Intrusiva de Rondônia (995-991 Ma).

ABSTRACT: The Igarapé Manteiga W-Sn deposit is formed by a granite stock that intrudes in the Paleoproterozoic basement. The mineralization is encapsulated in an alumino-siliceous hydrothermal carapace formed by greisen, vein-veinlets and breccia, developed in the apex zone of a granite stock. At this site, wolframite, cassiterite and sulfides-minerals, as well as siderite, monazite, xenotime, hematite and others, are spread out or in massive clusters associated with quartz, topaz, zinnwaldite and fluorite. Wolframite is not zoned and relatively rich in Fe, and poor in Nb and Ta. Cassiterite exhibits growth-zones with light-yellow to dark-orange colors, and is rich in Ta, and poor in Ti, W, Mn and U. Oxygen and sulfur (δ18O and δ34S) isotope data on the ore- and sulfide-minerals indicates that it is a magmatic source, with closing temperatures from 230°C to 480°C. The hydrothermal phase was cyclical and protractedly active, promoting greisenization and hydrofracturing. The lowering of temperature and the change in the composition of fluids (from oxidized to reduced) controlled the precipitation of the hydrothermal mineral assemblage. The 40Ar-39Ar analyses reveal a plateau age of 988 Ma, interpreted as the closure time for the hydrothermal processes responsible for mineralization, which is linked to the final magmatic evolution of the Rondônia Intrusive Suite (995-991 Ma).

RESUMO: Este trabalho analisa o registro do magmatismo alcalino potássico saturado-SiO 2 do Quartzo-Monzonito Castanhal e do Quartzo-Sienito Ladeira da Vovó. Essas rochas estão localizadas próximas à borda norte da Bacia do Amazonas. As amostras mostram valores K 2 O + 2 > Na 2 O e K 2 O/Na 2 O < 2, que confirmam o caráter alcalino potássico ou shoshonítico. O Quartzo Monzonito Castanhal contém menos de 20% de quartzo, o qual é também característico de rochas alcalinas potássicas, o que é confirmado nos diagramas geoquímicos. O Quartzo-Sienito Ladeira da Vovó foi alojado e retrabalhado em falhas lístricas, representantes da fase rifte da formação da Bacia do Amazonas, que causou sua proeminente textura granofírica (granófiro) provavelmente durante o período Toniano. Um grupo de 21 cristais de zircão foi extraído do hornblenda-quartzo-monzonito Castanhal e forneceu a idade média de 1872 ± 6 Ma (MSWD = 2,4), contudo um cristal adicional forneceu uma idade Transamazônica de 2062 ± 17 Ma. Essas rochas alcalino-potássicas de idade Orosiriana (1872 Ma) podem corresponder a um ambiente pós-colisional. Os valores negativos em εHft e as idades TDM Hf revelam grande contribuição de componentes crustais máficos Meso- a Neoarqueanos (2,95 - 2,66 Ga) e/ou componentes crustais félsicos Neoarquenos a Siderianos tardios (2,51 - 2,34 Ga).

ABSTRACT: This paper approaches the record of SiO2-saturated potassic alkaline magmatism of Castanhal Quartz Monzonite, Mapuera Suite, and Ladeira da Vovó Quartz Syenite. These samples are located near the Northern border of the Amazon Basin. Such rocks show K2O + 2 > Na2O and K2O/Na2O < 2 values that confirm the potassic or shoshonitic character of these rocks. The Castanhal Quartz Monzonite contains less than 20% volume of quartz, which is also a characteristic of the shoshonitic or SiO2-satured potassic alkaline A-type magma signature observed on geochemical plots. Listric faults, representing the rifting phase of Amazon Basin formation, emplaced and reworked Ladeira da Vovó Quartz Syenite, which caused its granophyric texture, probably during the Tonian period. A group of 21 zircon crystals was extracted from a hornblende quartz monzonite and yields an average age of 1872 ± 6 Ma (MSWD = 2.4). However, an additional zircon crystal yielded a Trans-Amazonian age of 2062 ± 17 Ma. These potassic alkaline rocks of Orosirian (1872 Ma) age may correspond to a post-collisional setting. Dominantly negative εHft values and Hf TDM ages reveal a large contribution of a mafic crustal component from Mesoarchean to Neoarchean age (2.95 - 2.66 Ga), and a felsic crustal component from Neoarchean to later Siderian ages (2.51 - 2.34 Ga).

O evento mesoproterozoic K´Mudku (1490 - 1147 Ma) é representado por um cinturão de cisalhamento rúptil-dúctil que atravessa unidades paleoproterozóicas no sul do Escudo das Guyanas, centro-norte do craton Amazonas. Esse evento produziu milonitização e cataclasitos em baixo a alto grau metamórfico com geração localizada de magmatismo intraplaca. No Estado do Amazonas, magamatismo do tipo A cronologicamente associado ao K´mudku tem sido reportado pelos sienogranitos Samaúma e Pedra do Gavião. Entretanto, a relação espacial o evento K´Mudku e a geração de granitos do tipo A ainda não está esclarecida na região. O sienogranito Pedra do Gavião tem assinatura geoquímica alcalina de alto K2O, metaluminoso, tipo A reduzido e intraplaca a pós-colisional. Tem idade de cristalização U-Pb 1218 Ma e herança entre 1820 e 1720 Ma, que juntamente com os dados Sm-Nd, sugerem fusão de rochas do embasamento paleoproterozóico associadas à unidade regional Complexo Cauaburi (1810 - 1780 Ma). Esses dados demonstram que os efeitos do magmatismo do tipo A associado ao final da orogenia Grenvilliana-Sunsás, relatado principalmente na borda sudoeste do craton Amazonas, pode ser também estendido para a parte centro-norte do craton Amazonas. Provavelmente, os mecanismos de geração ou emplacamento de magmas do tipo A ocorreu com algum grau de envolvimento nos estágios tarde a pós do evento K´Mudku. Contudo, a concepção desse quadro tectônico ainda carece de mais informações geológicas e geofísicas. Portanto, esses novos dados devem instigar ao retorno dos trabalhos geológicos na região, bem como ao debate sobre a evolução tectônica e produção de granitos tipo A durante período Ectasiano-Steniano no centro-norte do craton Amazonas.

The Mesoproterozoic K'Mudku event (1490 - 1147 Ma) is represented by a britlle-ductile shear belt that cuts across the Paleoproterozoic units in the southernmost Guyana shield, central-north Amazon craton. This event produced mylonitization and cataclasites at low/medium- to high-grade metamorphic, and local within-plate magmatism. In the Amazonas State, Brazil, A-type magmatism chronologically associated to K'Mudku has been reported for the Pedra do Gavião and Samaúma syenogranites. However, the spatial relationship between K´Mudku event and A-type magma generation are not yet adequately clarified in the region. The Pedra do Gavião syenogranite is a high-K alkaline, metaluminous, reduced A-type granite with a post-collisional to within-plate geochemical signature. It has U-Pb zircons crystallization age of 1218 Ma and inherited zircons with ages between 1820 and 1720 Ma, which, together with the Sm-Nd data, suggest melting of Paleoproterozoic basement rocks of the Cauaburi Complex (1810 - 1780 Ma) regional unit. These data demonstrate that the effects of the A-type magmatism associated to the end of the Grenvillian-Sunsas orogeny, reported primarily in the southwestern margin of the Amazon craton, may also be extended for the central-northern part of the Amazon craton. Probably the generation or emplacement mechanisms of A-type magma occurred with some degree of involvement in the final stages of the K´Mudku event. However, this tectonic framework conception still needs more geological and geophysical investigations. Therefore, these news data should instigate to the return of geological research in the region, as well as to debate on the tectonic evolution and A-type granites production during the Ectasian-Stenian period in the central-north Amazon craton.

O crescimento populacional de Manaus tem impulsionado o setor de rochas ornamentais e revestimentos a buscar matéria-prima de qualidade e beleza (granitos, gnaisses, mármores, etc.) na região sudeste do país a um custo elevado em até seis vezes. Entretanto a região nordeste do Amazonas hospeda maciços graníticos paleoproterozóicos com características ornamentais, os quais têm sido extraídos apenas para a produção de brita. Esse trabalho apresenta informações texturais, petrográficas, geoquímicas e de índices tecnológicos (porosidade, densidade, absorção d'água, compressão uniaxial, pulsos ultra-sônicos, resistência à flexão e desgaste Amsler) obtidas em cinco maciços graníticos expostos no nordeste do Amazonas. Tais informações sugerem que esses maciços graníticos podem ser utilizados como rochas ornamentais, porém em ambientes de moderado trânsito, baixa umidade e livres de ataques ácidos. Considerando os parâmetros técnicos favoráveis e a relativa proximidade das pedreiras da cidade de Manaus (cerca de 140 a 240 km), a qual é um centro consumidor com 2 milhões de habitantes, o investimento no setor extrativista de rochas com fins ornamentais na região nordeste do Amazonas torna-se uma opção, no mínimo, interessante para o setor empresarial.

The population increase of the City of Manaus has propelled the ornamental stones business sector to procure raw-material of quality and beauty (granites, gneisses, marble, etc.) in the southeastern region of Brazil at a cost up to six times more expensive. However, the northeastern region of the State of Amazonas hosts paleoproterozoic granitic massifs with great potential for use as ornamental stones, which have onely been extracted for crushed-stone production. This paper presents the textural, petrographic, and geochemical characteristics, as well as technological indices (porosity, density, water absorption, uniaxial compression, ultrasonic pulses, resistance to flexion and Amsler degeneration) for samples from five granitic massifs exposed in the northeastern region of the State of Amazonas. The obtained data suggest that the granite massifs can be used as ornamental stones, but applicable in places with moderate transit, low humidity and free of acidic attacks. Considering the favorable technical parameters and the relative proximity of the granite massifs to the City of Manaus (about 140 to 240 km), which is a consumer centre with 2 million inhabitants, the investment in the extraction of ornamental stones in the northeast of Amazonas becomes an option, at least, interesting for the business sector.

O complexo granítico de Massangana, localizado na região central de Rondônia, sudoeste do Cráton Amazônico, Brasil, é um importante exemplo da Província Estanífera de Rondônia. Esse complexo possui dimensões batolíticas, marcantes estruturas anelares relacionadas às sucessivas fases magmáticas e hospeda mineralizações de Sn, W, Nb, Ta, topázio e berilo associadas a pegmatitos. Esse trabalho apresenta a composição química e as condições mínimas de aprisionamento dos fluidos nos cristais de topázio encontrados no complexo granítico estanífero de Massangana. O topázio, de cor azul, apresenta qualidade gemológica e possui cinco grupos de inclusões fluidas de natureza H2O-NaCl, cuja salinidade equivalente varia de 3,4 a 11,7% em peso de NaCl, densidade em torno de 0,75g/cm³ e temperatura de homogeneização total (Th) entre 320 e 350ºC. Devido à íntima associação do topázio com cassiterita, wolframita e columbita-tantalita nos corpos pegmatíticos, admite-se que esse intervalo de Th também corresponda ao intervalo mínimo de cristalização desses outros minerais metálicos. Considerando que os pegmatitos no complexo granítico de Massangana estão associados às últimas fases magmáticas, é provável que a profundidade de posicionamento desses corpos pegmatíticos seja inferior a 3 km e a uma pressão estimada entre 1 e 1,5 kbar.

The Massangana granitic complex, located in the central region of the State of Rondônia, State, southwestern of the Amazon craton, Brazil, is an important example of the Rondônia Tin Province. The complex represents a batholitic body with conspiscuous ring structures related to successive intrusion events hosting Sn, W, Nb, Ta, topaz and beryl mineralizations associated to pegmatite. In this paper we determine the chemical composition and the minimal conditions of capture of the fluids in topaz from the Massangana granitic complex. The blue topaz has gemological quality and presents five groups of H2O-NaCl fluid inclusions, with salinity between 3,4 to 11,7% weight % NaCl equivalent, density about 0,75g/cm³ and homogenization temperature between 320 to 350ºC. The close association of topaz with cassiterite, wolframite and columbite-tantalite in pegmatites suggests the same minimal homogenization temperature for the crystallization of the mentroned metalic minerals. The pegmatitic bodies in the Massangana Complex are associated with the last magmatic phases and their probable emplacement depth is less than 3 km corresponding to an estimated pressure between 1 to 1,5 kbar.

No garimpo do Manelão, o ouro está associado a veios de quartzo encaixados na seqüência metavulcano-sedimentar São Manoel. No período Plio-Pleistoceno, sob um clima úmido, desenvolveu-se sobre a seqüência São Manoel uma cobertura laterítica autóctone e imatura. Essa cobertura residual contém partículas de ouro com elevada pureza, sugerindo processos de lixiviação da liga Au-Ag ou de remobilização e redeposição do Au em ambiente laterítico. Durante o Pleistoceno, o clima tornou-se árido a semi-árido, favorecendo a erosão parcial da cobertura laterítica, através dos processos coluviais associados a enxurradas periódicas. Esse depósito coluvial recobre o perfíl laterítico, destruindo um possível padrão de dispersão geoquímica do ouro supergênico e prejudicando a prospecção geoquímica de superfície. No final do Pleistoceno e início do Holoceno, o clima úmido retorna, juntamente com os processos de intemperismo, formando stone line e latossolos. As coberturas laterítica e coluvial serviram de área-fonte para os aluviões atuais a subatuais do igarapé São Manoel, onde o ouro ocorre livre nos estratos sedimentares mais basais, formando concentrações da ordem de 10 g/ton.

In the Manelão deposit the gold is associated with quartz veins hosted in the São Manoel metavolcano-sedimentary sequence. At period Plio- Pleistocene, under a humid climate, an autochthonous and immature lateritic cover was developed on the São Manoel sequence. This lateritic cover contains gold particules of high purity suggesting lixiviation or remobilization and redeposition processes of Au-Ag in a lateritic enviroment. During Pleistocene the climate changed to arid or semi-arid favouring the erosion of the lateritic profile through colluvial processes associated with periodical floods. This colluvial deposit cover lateritic profile destroying a possible geochemical disperson of pattern of the supergenic gold and harming the geochemical exploration surface. At the end of Pleistocene and beginning of Holocene the humid climate condition returned and associated with the intemperic processes form stone line and latosols. The lateritic and colluvial cover were the source area for the current alluvial material of the São Manoel river, in which the gold occurs free in the lower sedimentary strata and forms concentrations around 10 g/ton.